The bear is a charismatic and much-loved character
The bear of the Bolivian Diablada is one of the most emblematic, charismatic and beloved characters of this fascinating dance of the Carnival of Oruro, the Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. Although the dance focuses on the struggle between good and evil, the presence of the bear (also known as jukumari) adds a unique mysticism that connects the Andean world with the traditions brought by the Spanish colony.Origin and History of the Bear in the Diablada of Oruro
The origin of this character is the result of a profound cultural syncretism. During the colonial era, Catholic priests introduced the Autos Sacramentales (religious plays) to evangelize the indigenous population. In these European theatrical performances, the figure of the bear was used as a symbol of brute force or lust tamed by faith.
However, the Andean natives adopted this figure and fused it with their own beliefs. For the original cultures, the bear represents the Jukumari, the spectacled bear that inhabits the valleys and cloud forest regions of Bolivia. In Andean mythology, this animal is a mediator between the world of the living and the world of spirits, a being endowed with immense strength and a sacred character.
Cultural Significance and Role of the Jukumari in the Dance
Within the choreographic narrative of the Diablada, the bear fulfills a dual function. On the one hand, it is part of the hosts of Lucifer and the China Supay, marching alongside the devils on their path of temptation and rebellion. On the other hand, it represents the force of nature that surrenders to the power of the Archangel Saint Michael.
In the practice and development of the folkloric procession, the bears have the role of interacting directly with the public. They are responsible for clearing the way for the group, playfully scaring the spectators, performing acrobatics, and eliciting laughter from the children, becoming the joyful and comical release of the rigorous devotional procession.
Characteristics of the Bolivian Bear's Costume and Mask
The Bolivian Diablada bear costume is a work of folk art that has evolved remarkably over the decades:
- The Mask: Traditionally made of leather or plaster, it is now sculpted from tin and fiberglass, featuring enormous bulging eyes, exposed fangs, and an expression that ranges from ferocious to cartoonish.
- The Body: The costume emulates the animal's dense fur. Sheepskin or alpaca leather was traditionally used, but nowadays high-quality synthetic materials are employed in colors ranging from classic black and brown to white, red, or yellow, depending on the fraternity.
- The Accessories: They often wear chains, bells, or rattles that jingle loudly with each jump, announcing their arrival and warding off negative energies.
The Choreographic Evolution and Leaps of the Bear in Carnival
Unlike the martial and synchronized steps of the devils, the bears enjoy greater choreographic freedom. Their movements are agile, athletic, and acrobatic. The dancer who portrays the bear must be in excellent physical condition, as they perform somersaults, twists on the ground, and pirouettes that defy the weight of the costume and the altitude of the city of Oruro (3,700 meters above sea level).
